zstd
Zstandard is a real-time compression algorithm, providing high compression ratios. It offers a very wide range of compression / speed trade-off, while being backed by a very fast decoder. A high performance compression algorithm is implemented. For now focused on speed.
This package provides compression to and decompression of Zstandard content. Note that custom dictionaries are not supported yet, so if your code relies on that, you cannot use the package as-is.
This package is pure Go and without use of "unsafe". If a significant speedup can be achieved using "unsafe", it may be added as an option later.
The zstd package is provided as open source software using a Go standard license.
Currently the package is heavily optimized for 64 bit processors and will be significantly slower on 32 bit processors.
Installation
Install using go get -u github.com/klauspost/compress. The package is located in github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd.
Godoc Documentation: https://godoc.org/github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd
Compressor
Status:
STABLE - there may always be subtle bugs, a wide variety of content has been tested and the library is actively used by several projects. This library is being continuously fuzz-tested, kindly supplied by fuzzit.dev.
There may still be specific combinations of data types/size/settings that could lead to edge cases, so as always, testing is recommended.
For now, a high speed (fastest) and medium-fast (default) compressor has been implemented.
The "Fastest" compression ratio is roughly equivalent to zstd level 1. The "Default" compression ratio is roughly equivalent to zstd level 3 (default).
In terms of speed, it is typically 2x as fast as the stdlib deflate/gzip in its fastest mode. The compression ratio compared to stdlib is around level 3, but usually 3x as fast.
Compared to cgo zstd, the speed is around level 3 (default), but compression slightly worse, between level 1&2.
Usage
An Encoder can be used for either compressing a stream via the
io.WriteCloser interface supported by the Encoder or as multiple independent
tasks via the EncodeAll function.
Smaller encodes are encouraged to use the EncodeAll function.
Use NewWriter to create a new instance that can be used for both.
To create a writer with default options, do like this:
// Compress input to output.
func Compress(in io.Reader, out io.Writer) error {
w, err := NewWriter(output)
if err != nil {
return err
}
_, err := io.Copy(w, input)
if err != nil {
enc.Close()
return err
}
return enc.Close()
}
Now you can encode by writing data to enc. The output will be finished writing when Close() is called.
Even if your encode fails, you should still call Close() to release any resources that may be held up.
The above is fine for big encodes. However, whenever possible try to reuse the writer.
To reuse the encoder, you can use the Reset(io.Writer) function to change to another output.
This will allow the encoder to reuse all resources and avoid wasteful allocations.
Currently stream encoding has 'light' concurrency, meaning up to 2 goroutines can be working on part
of a stream. This is independent of the WithEncoderConcurrency(n), but that is likely to change
in the future. So if you want to limit concurrency for future updates, specify the concurrency
you would like.
You can specify your desired compression level using WithEncoderLevel() option. Currently only pre-defined
compression settings can be specified.
Future Compatibility Guarantees
This will be an evolving project. When using this package it is important to note that both the compression efficiency and speed may change.
The goal will be to keep the default efficiency at the default zstd (level 3). However the encoding should never be assumed to remain the same, and you should not use hashes of compressed output for similarity checks.
The Encoder can be assumed to produce the same output from the exact same code version. However, the may be modes in the future that break this, although they will not be enabled without an explicit option.
This encoder is not designed to (and will probably never) output the exact same bitstream as the reference encoder.
Also note, that the cgo decompressor currently does not report all errors on invalid input, omits error checks, ignores checksums and seems to ignore concatenated streams, even though it is part of the spec.
Blocks
For compressing small blocks, the returned encoder has a function called EncodeAll(src, dst []byte) []byte.
EncodeAll will encode all input in src and append it to dst.
This function can be called concurrently, but each call will only run on a single goroutine.
Encoded blocks can be concatenated and the result will be the combined input stream.
Data compressed with EncodeAll can be decoded with the Decoder, using either a stream or DecodeAll.
Especially when encoding blocks you should take special care to reuse the encoder. This will effectively make it run without allocations after a warmup period. To make it run completely without allocations, supply a destination buffer with space for all content.
import "github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd"
// Create a writer that caches compressors.
// For this operation type we supply a nil Reader.
var encoder, _ = zstd.NewWriter(nil)
// Compress a buffer.
// If you have a destination buffer, the allocation in the call can also be eliminated.
func Compress(src []byte) []byte {
return encoder.EncodeAll(src, make([]byte, 0, len(src)))
}
You can control the maximum number of concurrent encodes using the WithEncoderConcurrency(n)
option when creating the writer.
Using the Encoder for both a stream and individual blocks concurrently is safe.
Performance
I have collected some speed examples to compare speed and compression against other compressors.
fileis the input file.outis the compressor used.zskpis this package.gzstdis gzip standard library.zstdis the Datadog cgo library.levelis the compression level used. Forzskplevel 1 is "fastest", level 2 is "default".insize/outsizeis the input/output size.millisis the number of milliseconds used for compression.mb/sis megabytes (2^20 bytes) per second.
The test data for the Large Text Compression Benchmark is the first
10^9 bytes of the English Wikipedia dump on Mar. 3, 2006.
http://mattmahoney.net/dc/textdata.html
file out level insize outsize millis mb/s
enwik9 zskp 1 1000000000 343833033 5840 163.30
enwik9 zskp 2 1000000000 317822183 8449 112.87
enwik9 gzstd 1 1000000000 382578136 13627 69.98
enwik9 gzstd 3 1000000000 349139651 22344 42.68
enwik9 zstd 1 1000000000 357416379 4838 197.12
enwik9 zstd 3 1000000000 313734522 7556 126.21
GOB stream of binary data. Highly compressible.
https://files.klauspost.com/compress/gob-stream.7z
file out level insize outsize millis mb/s
gob-stream zskp 1 1911399616 234981983 5100 357.42
gob-stream zskp 2 1911399616 208674003 6698 272.15
gob-stream gzstd 1 1911399616 357382641 14727 123.78
gob-stream gzstd 3 1911399616 327835097 17005 107.19
gob-stream zstd 1 1911399616 250787165 4075 447.22
gob-stream zstd 3 1911399616 208191888 5511 330.77
Highly compressible JSON file. Similar to logs in a lot of ways.
https://files.klauspost.com/compress/adresser.001.gz
file out level insize outsize millis mb/s
adresser.001 zskp 1 1073741824 18510122 1477 692.83
adresser.001 zskp 2 1073741824 19831697 1705 600.59
adresser.001 gzstd 1 1073741824 47755503 3079 332.47
adresser.001 gzstd 3 1073741824 40052381 3051 335.63
adresser.001 zstd 1 1073741824 16135896 994 1030.18
adresser.001 zstd 3 1073741824 17794465 905 1131.49
VM Image, Linux mint with a few installed applications:
https://files.klauspost.com/compress/rawstudio-mint14.7z
file out level insize outsize millis mb/s
rawstudio-mint14.tar zskp 1 8558382592 3648168838 33398 244.38
rawstudio-mint14.tar zskp 2 8558382592 3376721436 50962 160.16
rawstudio-mint14.tar gzstd 1 8558382592 3926257486 84712 96.35
rawstudio-mint14.tar gzstd 3 8558382592 3740711978 176344 46.28
rawstudio-mint14.tar zstd 1 8558382592 3607859742 27903 292.51
rawstudio-mint14.tar zstd 3 8558382592 3341710879 46700 174.77
The test data is designed to test archivers in realistic backup scenarios.
http://mattmahoney.net/dc/10gb.html
file out level insize outsize millis mb/s
10gb.tar zskp 1 10065157632 4883149814 45715 209.97
10gb.tar zskp 2 10065157632 4638110010 60970 157.44
10gb.tar gzstd 1 10065157632 5198296126 97769 98.18
10gb.tar gzstd 3 10065157632 4932665487 313427 30.63
10gb.tar zstd 1 10065157632 4940796535 40391 237.65
10gb.tar zstd 3 10065157632 4638618579 52911 181.42
Silesia Corpus:
http://sun.aei.polsl.pl/~sdeor/corpus/silesia.zip
file out level insize outsize millis mb/s
silesia.tar zskp 1 211947520 73025800 1108 182.26
silesia.tar zskp 2 211947520 67674684 1599 126.41
silesia.tar gzstd 1 211947520 80007735 2515 80.37
silesia.tar gzstd 3 211947520 73133380 4259 47.45
silesia.tar zstd 1 211947520 73513991 933 216.64
silesia.tar zstd 3 211947520 66793301 1377 146.79
Converters
As part of the development process a Snappy -> Zstandard converter was also built.
This can convert a framed Snappy Stream to a zstd stream. Note that a single block is not framed.
Conversion is done by converting the stream directly from Snappy without intermediate full decoding. Therefore the compression ratio is much less than what can be done by a full decompression and compression, and a faulty Snappy stream may lead to a faulty Zstandard stream without any errors being generated. No CRC value is being generated and not all CRC values of the Snappy stream are checked. However, it provides really fast re-compression of Snappy streams.
BenchmarkSnappy_ConvertSilesia-8 1 1156001600 ns/op 183.35 MB/s
Snappy len 103008711 -> zstd len 82687318
BenchmarkSnappy_Enwik9-8 1 6472998400 ns/op 154.49 MB/s
Snappy len 508028601 -> zstd len 390921079
s := zstd.SnappyConverter{}
n, err = s.Convert(input, output)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println("Re-compressed stream to", n, "bytes")
}
The converter s can be reused to avoid allocations, even after errors.
Decompressor
Staus: STABLE - there may still be subtle bugs, but a wide variety of content has been tested.
This library is being continuously fuzz-tested, kindly supplied by fuzzit.dev. The main purpose of the fuzz testing is to ensure that it is not possible to crash the decoder, or run it past its limits with ANY input provided.
Usage
The package has been designed for two main usages, big streams of data and smaller in-memory buffers.
There are two main usages of the package for these. Both of them are accessed by creating a Decoder.
For streaming use a simple setup could look like this:
import "github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd"
func Decompress(in io.Reader, out io.Writer) error {
d, err := zstd.NewReader(input)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer d.Close()
// Copy content...
_, err := io.Copy(out, d)
return err
}
It is important to use the "Close" function when you no longer need the Reader to stop running goroutines. See "Allocation-less operation" below.
For decoding buffers, it could look something like this:
import "github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd"
// Create a reader that caches decompressors.
// For this operation type we supply a nil Reader.
var decoder, _ = zstd.NewReader(nil)
// Decompress a buffer. We don't supply a destination buffer,
// so it will be allocated by the decoder.
func Decompress(src []byte) ([]byte, error) {
return decoder.DecodeAll(src, nil)
}
Both of these cases should provide the functionality needed.
The decoder can be used for concurrent decompression of multiple buffers.
It will only allow a certain number of concurrent operations to run.
To tweak that yourself use the WithDecoderConcurrency(n) option when creating the decoder.
Allocation-less operation
The decoder has been designed to operate without allocations after a warmup.
This means that you should store the decoder for best performance.
To re-use a stream decoder, use the Reset(r io.Reader) error to switch to another stream.
A decoder can safely be re-used even if the previous stream failed.
To release the resources, you must call the Close() function on a decoder.
After this it can no longer be reused, but all running goroutines will be stopped.
So you must use this if you will no longer need the Reader.
For decompressing smaller buffers a single decoder can be used. When decoding buffers, you can supply a destination slice with length 0 and your expected capacity. In this case no unneeded allocations should be made.
Concurrency
The buffer decoder does everything on the same goroutine and does nothing concurrently.
It can however decode several buffers concurrently. Use WithDecoderConcurrency(n) to limit that.
The stream decoder operates on
- One goroutine reads input and splits the input to several block decoders.
- A number of decoders will decode blocks.
- A goroutine coordinates these blocks and sends history from one to the next.
So effectively this also means the decoder will "read ahead" and prepare data to always be available for output.
Since "blocks" are quite dependent on the output of the previous block stream decoding will only have limited concurrency.
In practice this means that concurrency is often limited to utilizing about 2 cores effectively.
Benchmarks
These are some examples of performance compared to datadog cgo library.
The first two are streaming decodes and the last are smaller inputs.
BenchmarkDecoderSilesia-8 20 642550210 ns/op 329.85 MB/s 3101 B/op 8 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoderSilesiaCgo-8 100 384930000 ns/op 550.61 MB/s 451878 B/op 9713 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoderEnwik9-2 10 3146000080 ns/op 317.86 MB/s 2649 B/op 9 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoderEnwik9Cgo-2 20 1905900000 ns/op 524.69 MB/s 1125120 B/op 45785 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAll/z000000.zst-8 200 7049994 ns/op 138.26 MB/s 40 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAll/z000001.zst-8 100000 19560 ns/op 97.49 MB/s 40 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAll/z000002.zst-8 5000 297599 ns/op 236.99 MB/s 40 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAll/z000003.zst-8 2000 725502 ns/op 141.17 MB/s 40 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAll/z000004.zst-8 200000 9314 ns/op 54.54 MB/s 40 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAll/z000005.zst-8 10000 137500 ns/op 104.72 MB/s 40 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAll/z000006.zst-8 500 2316009 ns/op 206.06 MB/s 40 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAll/z000007.zst-8 20000 64499 ns/op 344.90 MB/s 40 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAll/z000008.zst-8 50000 24900 ns/op 219.56 MB/s 40 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAll/z000009.zst-8 1000 2348999 ns/op 154.01 MB/s 40 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllCgo/z000000.zst-8 500 4268005 ns/op 228.38 MB/s 1228849 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllCgo/z000001.zst-8 100000 15250 ns/op 125.05 MB/s 2096 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllCgo/z000002.zst-8 10000 147399 ns/op 478.49 MB/s 73776 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllCgo/z000003.zst-8 5000 320798 ns/op 319.27 MB/s 139312 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllCgo/z000004.zst-8 200000 10004 ns/op 50.77 MB/s 560 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllCgo/z000005.zst-8 20000 73599 ns/op 195.64 MB/s 19120 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllCgo/z000006.zst-8 1000 1119003 ns/op 426.48 MB/s 557104 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllCgo/z000007.zst-8 20000 103450 ns/op 215.04 MB/s 71296 B/op 9 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllCgo/z000008.zst-8 100000 20130 ns/op 271.58 MB/s 6192 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllCgo/z000009.zst-8 2000 1123500 ns/op 322.00 MB/s 368688 B/op 3 allocs/op
This reflects the performance around May 2019, but this may be out of date.
Contributions
Contributions are always welcome. For new features/fixes, remember to add tests and for performance enhancements include benchmarks.
For sending files for reproducing errors use a service like goobox or similar to share your files.
For general feedback and experience reports, feel free to open an issue or write me on Twitter.
This package includes the excellent github.com/cespare/xxhash package Copyright (c) 2016 Caleb Spare.